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Urban's plans of military aid for the eastern church was subverted by Peter the Hermit and his followers' insistence on a people's crusade. This popular impetus swept control of the expedition out of papal hands and into the hands of the military and political leaders on the spot. When Adhemar, the papal legate, died at Antioch, a council of such leaders took over. Peter was a part of that council and was perhaps instrumental in electing Godfroi king. The crusade changed from a papal expedition to something different, a popular movement with millenarial expectations and Peter the Hermit was at the heart of that change.

If Peter was indeed a high ranking member of one of the surviving chronicling orders started by Sylvester II, who were charged with researching the Merovingian bloodline, then his influence becomes readily understandable. Sylvester's chronicling orders had been working for almost a century to create a new kingdom of Jerusalem, and then, suddenly, the means were at hand. All that was needed was a candidate for king whose bloodline was such that all the kings of Europe could acknowledge him as overlord.

Godfroi may have filled the bill because the chroniclers believed him to be a descendent of the lost line of Merovingian kings, and therefore a direct descendent of Jesus himself. That would in fact, if proven, make him the rightful king of Jerusalem, and perhaps of the world. It would at least fulfill a great many apocalyptic expectations and could be seen as the first steps toward the Kingdom of Heaven on earth so beloved of the Chilaists.

The rock of Sion could be Peter, petros or rock in Latin, the Hermit of the Order of Sion, to whom both Godfroi and Baldwin directly owed their throne. So much more so if Peter, as the official representative of Sion and the chroniclers, was their guarantor as legitimate descendants of Jesus. Mount Sion itself seems the likeliest candidate for the location of the original order. Al-Hakim donated to Sylvester's chroniclers a Greek Church somewhere outside the walls, but still close enough for access to the city. Mount Sion, which contains the ruins of a 4th century basillica rebuilt in the early 11th century, seems the most obvious choice. A group of monks were apparently still there in 1099, and may have played a part in the fall of the city. This "rock of Sion" and its connections in Europe, could also be considered the foundation of the dynasty


The Merovingians, whether or not they were descended from Christ, were indeed practical alchemists and wizard kings. Sylvester II, the Hermetic Pope, was on the verge of recovering the secret when power politics overwhelmed him. The motivation for the First Crusade, deeply hidden behind religious and political rationalizations, was actually the search for and recovery of the secret. A Merovingian king on the throne of Jerusalem was just the first step in the millenium's events. Next would come the rebuilding of the Temple, based on the Philosopher's Stone, the stone the builders' rejected.

This was the true mission of the Templars,
The secret did involve the bloodline.
even though several supposed Grand Masters of Sion are prominent alchemists.
Whatever the Templars were trying to accomplish, the secret of alchemy was the central and critical component of their plans.

The choice of Champagne and Troyes, however, may have had other reasons behind it, reasons that point directly to the secret of alchemy. Around 1070, a group of Spanish Jews, led by a disciple of Isaac the Blind named Rabbi Rashi, settled in Troyes and founded a Cabalistic school. From this source would come the first manuscript versions of the Sepher Yetzirah and the Bahir. Interestingly enough, a century after the founding of this school, the first of the Grail Romances appeared, written by Chretien of Troyes, a chivalric poet at the court of the Count of Champagne. This connection, we will soon discover, was much more just coincidence. It contained an important clue to the hidden secret.

Here we must pause for a moment to address a question that will only become more confusing from this point onward in our examination of alchemy and the end of the world. We have seen how the wisdom of the Bahir, applying the physics of creation to create local effects such as the animation of matter, forms the theoretical core of the ancient unitary view of alchemy as a triple transformation. This wisdom is at the core of the Jewish secret mystical tradition, spelled variously as Qabala, Cabala or Kabbalah. Each version is technically correct in terms of transposing the Hebrew spelling into English, but over time, and particularly among the alchemists, certain connotations have crept in that confuse our understanding


Hence we find Fulcanelli warning his readers against the Hebrew Kabbalah with its system of letter/number permutations, while at the same time using the Tree of Life geometry as his basic pattern and declaring that there is indeed a true "cabala." The confusion ultimately derives from the split between east and west in Judaism itself. Keep in mind that at the same moment the People's Crusade was slaughtering the Asiatic and Kazarite Ashkenazi Jews in Germany, the true leaders of the Crusade were co-existing just fine with the Sephardic Jews of France and Spain.

The school of Troyes played a major role in this climate of acceptance. The Jews of Troyes were not persecuted, but accepted as good vassals of the Count. Their teachings, based primarily around the Bahir, emphasized the Merkabah, the cubic throne or vehicle by which one ascends toward The Light on the Gnostic journey or path of return. This, by a simple phonetic transposition common to the more Arabic flavor of Sephardic Hebrew, becomes a multi-lingual pun. The vehicle is the Mer-Kaaba, or stone of the sea mentioned in the Bahir, as well as the Mer-Caballus, or the sea horse of Merovingian fame. We find this kind of multi-lingual punning most often in the Arabic literature of Iran and Persia, where many languages mingled with classical Arabic. The 13th century Sufi masterpiece, the Conference of the Birds, by Attar the Chemist, uses this device with great effect.

The alchemist then means the more Gnostic "cabala" or vehicle of the Bahir, rather than the more legalistic and mechanical formulas of the traditional Kabbalah. This essentially Christianized Cabala formed the core of medieval and renaissance esoteric science. Fulcanelli is not trying to throw the physics of creation out of the science of alchemy, far from it. He is trying to point the careful student in the right direction, toward the Bahir itself.

nothing can be accomplished in the Great Work without the right prima materia. It is just possible that what the Order of Sion found, perhaps in the ruins of the Temple of Solomon, was the best prima materia possible, a piece of the Black Stone, the meteorite from Meccah. Just possibly, this was the true "rock of Sion" on which the Kingdom of Jerusalem was founded.


Wolfram minces no words in calling the keepers of the Grail Templars, and then goes to the heart of mystery by describing the Grail as a miraculous stone. This "lapsit exillis," a pun which suggests the exiled stone of Matthew, as well as the stone which fell from heaven and even the "lapis elixir" of the alchemical philosopher's stone, has miraculous powers, including healing, nourishment and the ability to communicate its wishes.

This source, according to Wolfram, is the manuscript of Flegetanis, a heathen astronomer living roughly at the time of the Exodus from Egypt, or about 1200 years before the birth of Christ. Flegetanis, which is simply the appropriate Persian phrase "familiar with the stars," claimed to read the "name" of the Grail in the stars, and thereby understood the workings of destiny. He also claimed that this astral destiny focused on the family of Christ and His descendants

Parzival is a masterpiece of alchemical literature, and as such is worthy of another volume at least the size of this one in order to merely do it justice. For our purposes, let us simply note that in addition to the direct reference to the Templars and the meteoric stone that fell from heaven, Parzival ends by informing us that Lohengrin, the Swan Knight of Lorraine, is the great-grandfather of Godfroi de Bouillon. With Parzival, the secret of the First Crusade and its alchemical secrets come full circle

These books in stone contained, in symbolic form, the alchemical distillation of the Grail mysteries. Much of these decorations were paid for by Templars and Cistercians and were intended to be eternal teaching documents, available to all who could understand their meaning. It was a grand scheme, a lost golden age, and its failure impoverished us all.

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A few years before the Order of Sion disavowed the Knights of the Temple, one of its members began receiving a series of visions that changed how the west viewed the End of the World. Joachim of Flores was born of the minor nobility in Sicily around the time Abbot Suger began the renovation of St. Denis. In the mid-1160's he went on pilgrimage to Jerusalem where he became converted to a deeper understanding of mystical Christianity. After a few years as a hermit on Mt. Etna, Joachim returned to Italy, joined the Benedictines and became a chronicler at Sion's influential monastery of Casamari (House of Mary) in Calabria.

His visions began around 1183 and soon after he was summoned to Rome by Pope Lucius III and encouraged to record his visions and his theories. From this recognition, Joachim became a star, the most authoritative spokesman of his age on the imminent last days. He felt that his knowledge and visions imposed a heavy sense of obligation to spread the news of the impending apocalypse. In the next 18 years, he would be consulted by four Popes, as well as Kings, Queens and Emperors. In spite of this acceptance during his life, after his death in 1202, the Church condemned his views and his writings. Since that time, Joachim has been treated as a saint and as a heretic, but his view of the End of the World retained its popularity in esoteric circles down to the 20th century.

Joachim's vision encompassed a complex view of time and history. He divided time into three overlapping states or ages. The first is the age of the Father, which began with Adam and ended with Christ's death on the cross. The second, the age of the Son, began with the later Old Testament prophets, attained a climax with the life of Christ, and will last until the victory of the Anti-Christ. The third age, that of the Holy Spirit, began with the rise of the monastic orders in the sixth century and culminates in the last days. The Third Age will last until the End of the World.

The Black Death was a disaster of unparalleled magnitude. Even now, we have nothing with which to compare it. The influenza epidemic at the end of World War I killed almost 2 million people. Added to the death toll of the war itself, we have just a little over 10 million deaths between 1914 and 1920. Horrible as this is, it is little more than a third of the toll for the first wave of the Black Death in Europe alone between 1347 and 1350. It would take the mechanized slaughter of the Second World War to approach the world wide Black Death totals. Only the actuality of a nuclear war could top its destructiveness. To even think about the Black Death is to contemplate the unthinkable.

To those who lived through it, the Black Death seemed worse than any day of judgment, because the good and evil, the just and the unjust, died just the same. The very virulence of the plague struck at the heart of civilization. Survival lay in rejecting compassion, of any kind, and embracing isolation. Civil and social ties broke down under the weight of so many dead; governments fled, parents turned from their dying children, priests no long celebrated Mass for the dead or tried to comfort the living, and only the poorest of the poor could be induced to handle the disposal of the ever-mounting pile of dead.

The most important casualty of the plague, however, was the Church itself. The institution survived, but something vital was lost. The omnipresent belief in God so important to the medieval mind could not survive the baffling problem of God's relationship to the horror. Prayers and the intercession of saints and relics had no effect on the plague, while quarantine, hygiene and isolation did. This simple observation shook the religious foundations of medieval society to its very core. The recurrence of the plague every 11 years for the next half century led many to believe that evil, in the form of the Devil, was gaining the upper hand.

A product of the crusade against the heretical Cathars in southern France, the Inquisition had become an institution by the mid-13th century. After the Black Death, the power of the Inquisitors grew until they became, in their own view, the front-line shock troops in the Church's war against the forces of the Devil. Evil had become overwhelmingly powerful and must be fought by any means necessary, including the incorporation of evil itself, in the form of torture and violence, to the service of good. Both sides of the Great Schism supported the Inquisition, which, by the late 15th century, had become the real power behind the Church's authority.

However, both the secularization of the Church and its rigid and inquisitorial enforcement of its dogma were symptoms of an even deeper rooted problem -- dualism. Christianity had never solved the problem of evil. Why did a good and omnipresent God allow such evil to exist? Perhaps God wasn't omnipresent after all; perhaps the Devil, the locus of evil, was the equal of God and might even win the contest? Just as this fear drove the Inquisitors to burn sinners' bodies for the sake of their souls, it turned others toward awe and worship of evil for its own sake.

It is important to realize that heretical forms of Christianity, The Cathars and so on, and pagan survivals such as the witch cults are not what we mean when we speak of worshipping evil for its own sake. While devils and demons had long been a part of the medieval psyche, only after the Black Death did the Devil become powerful enough for anyone to seek his favor. In the late 14th century, as the Black Death swept back and forth across Europe, a formal inversion of Christianity developed, substituting the Devil for Christ. (The Hebrew Satan, derived from the Egyptian Set, is actually the twin of Christ, as in some traditions Set is the twin of Horus.) At first, these tendencies existed in private, but, as the texts that turned up in the next century prove, they were widespread among the higher and more learned levels of the Church

In addition to formal Satanism, the aftermath of the Black Death threw up another dark archetype, the vampire. Folklore of various cultures contained demonic beings who lived on blood, such as the Lamia of ancient Greece, but the undead human who drinks blood to maintain his immortality, controls the weather, and rules all rodents and other "children of the night" is a product of the post-Black Death mentality. The vampire and the Satanist represent the depth of psychic damage brought on by the Black Death. They are the new denizens of a post-apocalyptic reality. Six hundred years later, at the edge of the second millennium, Satanists are rock stars, with plenty of sympathy and taste, and vampire fashion is all the rage among teen-agers.

The Black Death was the end of the world. The ancient world and its medieval continuation came to a conclusion in the mid-14th century. The world went on, and the survivors tried to ignore the disaster, but in truth, everything was different. Many important secrets were lost and strange new forces surfaced to take charge. We are still living in the shadow of that apocalypse, and the forces it threw up are now in control of all our lives.

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About 13,000 years ago, this planet wide culture disappeared in a vast and almost incomprehensible cataclysm


The ancient Egyptian historical records tell us that first Hru the Younger, son or reincarnation of Osiris, acted as ruler, then Hru Or, an ancient Light God, and then the Hru Shemsu, or the Followers of Horus, who in turn helped Aha-Hor, unify the country. Somehow, the Egyptians retained their sense of historical identity. Knowledge of this past "other world" connection was never lost. Possibly, the Pyramids of Giza and other monuments remained to remind them of that golden age.

The so-called "Palette of Narmer/Menes," showing the King unifying the Two Lands and dated to around 3,000 BC, clearly depicts a pyramid in a sacred enclosure on the Lower Egypt side. This first King of the Ist Dynasty's Horus or royal name, Aha-Hor, means "living breath of Hru," or more simply, "Essence of Horus." We can never be sure of Aha-Hor's motives in unifying the Nile Valley -- he may simply have been an opportunistic strong-man -- but we can speculate on the importance this Essence of Horus placed on the continuity with the long past golden age. Not only is the pyramid enclosure on his commemorative palette, but on a clear day the Giza plateau, and its structures, would have been plainly visible from the walls of his new city, Memphis. Whether or not he knew he was reviving a fragment of an ancient culture, he was right on time.

Egypt survived, more or less intact, for over three thousand years.


However, a counter-force, a type of anti-evolutionary isolationist and materialist undercurrent, existed from the very beginning of Egyptian civilization. Its adherents rallied around the god form of Sutehk, or Set. In the IInd Dynasty, they even became Kings in his name, as the preceding Kings had ruled in the name of Horus. These political maneuvers mirror the deeper conflict between Horus and Set that Egyptian tradition held as the cause of the great cataclysm that destroyed the previous global civilization. In the long history of Egyptian civilization, whenever the political balance shifts in favor of Set, decline sets in. We see this first during the IInd Dynasty. Writing, architecture and art in general declined sharply under the Set Kings, while the restoration of the Horus Kings of the IIIrd Dynasty led to the brilliance of the Old Kingdom, culturally the high point of Egyptian civilization.

During the IIIrd and IVth Dynasties, a city on the eastern rim of the Delta, On or the "City of the Sun," which the Greeks translated as Heliopolis, achieved an amazing level of spiritual and political influence. This preeminence seems to have been attained with the aid of a group of sages known as the "Assembly of the Shining Beings." These shining beings, the henmemet in Egyptian, were said to live solely on light that furnished all their needs. They introduced the idea of the solar god, Ra, who sails through the heavens in the boat of a million years. This concept soon incorporated the major shamanic current, the mysteries of Osiris, and, by the Vth Dynasty, replaced Horus as the divine antecedent of the King.

This represented more than a shift in political power. The Ra Cult of Heliopolis supported the older Horus Cult of Edfu, but Ra became the source of divine power and inspiration, in a sense the tutelary deity for the function of Kingship itself. It held this role, with ups and downs and a few judicious mergers, throughout the rest of Egyptian history. Even when combined with the hidden god, Amon of Thebes, or distilled into the Atonist heresy, the Heliopolitan Cult of Ra survived. Christian tradition tells us that the Holy Family, fleeing Herod's Massacre of the Innocents, hid from Roman patrols in the orchards of Heliopolis. In 640 AD, when the Arabs rode into Egypt on their way to conquer the Byzantine fortress of Babylon, they camped in those same orchards. Heliopolis, where the last remnants of the Priesthood of Ra continued their spiritual activities, fell the next day, ending three thousand years of religious continuity.

The XIIth Dynasty, and the Middle Kingdom, ended with the death of the Queen and her son. The XIIIth Dynasty declined rapidly under a series of sickly royal cousins and venal regents, until another group of cousins started their own dynasty, the XIVth, in the western desert. Both succumbed quickly to the onslaught of the Set worshipping Hyksos.

These "Princes of Foreign Lands" conquered the Delta and began to extend their power up the Nile. For 150 years these "Princes" ruled all of Egypt except for the Upper Nile. The early XVIIth Dynasty of Thebes tried to co-exist with the invaders, but was finally forced to fight a long and bitter struggle to the death. Kamose, last King of the XVIIth Dynasty, brought the war to the very gates of Avaris. It fell to his son, Amose I, to finish them off and found a new dynasty.

In many ways, the New Kingdom of the early XVIIIth Dynasty was the watershed of Egyptian history. The New Kingdom did not merely copy the past, as the Middle Kingdom had. By destroying the Hyksos, (Amose I, not satisfied with conquering Avaris, followed the retreating Hyksos into Lebanon and destroyed their home base) the Egyptians became the greatest military power in the ancient world. The next two Kings completed the process, creating a vast empire that stretched from the swamps of the Tigris and the Euphrates to the Mountains of Ethiopia.

This is the stage on which Tutmose III and Hatshepsut played out their grand opera tragedy of lust and intrigue. Tutmose III would go on to stabilize the borders of the Empire and begin the building spree that would turn Thebes into simply "The City," wonder of the ancient world. His son, Amenhotep II, would complete his father's military triumphs and bring the Empire to its zenith.

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In fact, in the earliest sessions on the Sigil of Truth, we find that the name of the elemental king of fire, generated by following a symbolic pattern around the letters and numbers on the rim of the seal, is a perfectly good phonetic rendering of an ancient Egyptian phrase. Following the pattern, which was dictated several years after the Sigil itself, we produce the name Oheooaaatan, pronounced Uh-heh uh-ah-ah ah-ton.

In hieroglyphic Egyptian that becomes uha uhah aton, the very phrase in one of Ra-Harakte's titles, translated as "the penetrating and destructive power of the sun's disk," from which Amenhotep III took the word Aton and turned it into a new definition of divinity. Before we dismiss this as a coincidence, we should note that the elemental king of earth, derived by the same method, renders as Tha-ha-oo-teh, or simply Tehuti, or Thoth to the Greeks.

This is simply astonishing. Phonetic Egyptian did not even exist as a concept. Athanius Kircher declared in the 17th century that all hieroglyphs were symbolic rather than phonetic, and no one thought otherwise until Champollion in the early 19th century. Where did Dee get these Egyptian words and phrases?

We are left with a deep mystery.

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One of the earliest of all alchemical texts is the fragmentary "Isis the
Prophetess to Her Son Horus" found in the Codex Marcianus, a medieval
collection of Greek fragments. This work seems to be a unique blend of
Hebrew mysticism and Egyptian mythology that could only have come from
Alexandria early in the first century of the Christian Era.

The Egyptian goddess Isis tells her son, Horus, that while he was away
fighting and defeating the evil one Set, she was in Hermopolis studying
angelic magick and alchemy. She relates that after "after a certain
passing of the kairoi and the necessary movement of the heavenly
sphere, it happened that one of the angels who dwelt in the first
firmament saw me from above..."

The angel is enflamed by sexual passion for Isis, but he can't answer
her questions about alchemy. He bargains on another encounter by
offering to bring a higher angel who will tell her everything she wants
to know. The first angel shows Isis the magickal sign of the higher
angel. This sign consists of a bowl of shining water and a moon sign
that resembles the emblem of the moon-god Khonsu of Thebes. At noon the
next day, the angel returns with the higher angel, here called Amnael.
This higher angel also finds Isis desirable and is willing to trade
information.

He reveals the mystery of his sign and then swears her to a great oath.
In this oath, we find echoes of the great mystery and one of the keys to
its explication. "I conjure you in the name of Fire, of Water, of Air,
and of the Earth; I conjure you in the name of the Heights of Heaven and
the Depths of Earth's Underworld; I conjure you in the name of Hermes
and Anubis, the howling of Kerkoros and the guardian dragon; I conjure
you in the name of the boat and its ferryman, Acharontos; and I conjure
you in the name in the of the three necessities and the whip and the
sword."

After this strange oath, Isis is told to never reveal the secret to
anyone but her son, Horus, her closest friend. The knowledge will make
them one - as the knowledge has now made Isis and the angel one. And
then a curious thing occurs. When the mystery is revealed, it seems
strangely flat, as if something was left unsaid in the answer. Horus is
told to watch the peasant, who may or may not have been the mythical
boatman Acharontos. He then gives a lecture on "as you sow, so shall you
reap."

Horus is told to realize "that this is the whole creation and the whole
process of coming into being, and know that a man is only able to
produce a man, and a lion a lion, and a dog a dog, and if something
happens contrary to nature, then this is a miracle and cannot continue
to exist, because nature enjoys nature and only nature overcomes
nature."

Isis goes on to relate that she will now give Horus the secret of
preparing certain "sands." She says that "one must stay with existing
nature and the matter one has in hand in order to prepare things. Just
as I said before, wheat creates wheat, a man begats a man and thus gold
will harvest gold, like produces like. Now I have manifested the mystery
to you." The instruction then passes to hands-on lab work in melting and
preparing metals such as quicksilver, copper, lead and of course gold.
At the end of this lengthy preparation, Isis exclaims: "Now realize the
mystery, my son, the drug, the elixir of the widow."

***********************************************
Earth to Earth, Dust to Dust: Adam was made out of Clay.

know that a man is only able to
produce a man, and a lion a lion, and a dog a dog

So how does man and animal transmute itself:

What does man need to replicate/transmute it's self..........

(Man) + (Woman) = 2 = 1 in mating
(Action) + (Timing) = heat, penetration, vibration, sperm, egg
(Seed) + (Timing) = womb, darkness, gestation timing, growth, sustanence
birth into the light.


What does a plant need to replicate/transmute:

(Plant) +(Pollination)= carrier of pollin =
(Heat) + (Timing) + (Water)= seed, absortion, virbration
(Seed) + (Timing) = earth womb, darkness, timing, water, birth of shoot
into the light.

What does soul need to replicate/transmute:

(Soul) + (Mind) = 2 =1
(Heat) + (Timing) = heart, emotion(love/bliss), vibration
(Seed) + (Timing) = Mind womb(pineal), kunalani, chakra, celestial timing,
birth(aura) becomes Divine light.

What connection does Kundalani Fire work with bodies Silca? Is it transmuting it, replicating? The P. Stone, Silica the prima matta?
all glassware is not made from 'crystal'.

The Gothic Catherals (mountains) were an example of Alchemy of the Soul and the
Stain Glass windows were the Alchemy of Sand into Glass allowing light to enter or view light as birth from the womb........

What does sand need to transmute
What makes sand
Sand is ground mineral rocks from the heart of the planet, Lava
Lava is heated by the core motion (Timing)
Vibration create Mountains (Timing)
Water motion(Timing) grinds the rocks into sand



Silicon is the second most abundant element of the earth's crust (26%), second only to oxygen in abundance (49%). Silica, also known as silicon dioxide, is a compound made out of the two most abundant elements in the Earth's crust, silicon and oxygen (SiO2). Silicon is not found free in nature but occurs chiefly as silica.
Silicon, a component of silica, gives structure to all living things throughout the plant and animal kingdoms
Aging and low estrogen levels reputedly decrease the body's ability to absorb silicon
silicon is found in the connective tissues, tendons, ligaments, cartilage, and blood vessels and it is thought that the mineral is essential for their integrity. Silicon is also required for healthy nails, skin and hair and for calcium absorption in the early stages of bone formation
More and more research evidence shows that through a transmutation process, silica is turned into calcium when it isneeded. That is why some scientists refer to silica as a precursor of calcium. Even when calcium is insufficient, thebody can turn silica into calcium that the bones need.





Sand heated to molten and cooled

http://mineral.galleries.com/minerals/silicate/quartz/quartz.htm


http://users.ticnet.com/mikefirth/batch.htm

Glass is sand with other ingredients added to make it melt easier. The fewer ingredients added, the higher the temperature it melts at and the less it expands and contracts. Almost pure sand would result in quartz, next down is borosilicate glass (Pyrex), lower down from there are soda/lime glasses (and can go lower than that: Sodium Silicate is a liquid at room temperature.)

Sand you find on the beach or sand box is a shade of brown and it is so because of the rusted iron in it. Iron oxide in glass gives it a green color. In fact, the easiest color to get in glass (and the hardest to get rid of) is green. Glass melted in the early colonial days is predominantly green (shaded to blue as a second choice) because there was iron in the sand. Window glass, viewed edge on, is green for the same reason (and because the chemicals to reduce the color are costly.) In fact, one of the most popular glass

Soda ash or potash are added to lower the melting point of the glass mix, while limestone brings durability and the feldspar is a flux to make the melting process go forward more easily. In the history of glass, various ingredients have substituted for the soda ash. The first source for alkali ash was burned plants rich in the right chemical. Another source is chemicals remaining from boiling (or evaporating) sea water.

Window Glass
100 lb Sand
33 lb Lime
30 lb Soda
10 lb Salt

Sand
Silica or Silicon Dioxide SiO2
SiO2
100

Soda Ash
Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3
Na2O

Limestone
Calcium Carbonate CaCO3
CaO

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